一氧化氮
细胞生物学
NADPH氧化酶
转录因子
活性氧
化学
信号转导
细胞色素c氧化酶
线粒体
生物化学
生物物理学
生物
基因
有机化学
作者
Lucas Freitas de Freitas,Michael R. Hamblin
标识
DOI:10.1109/jstqe.2016.2561201
摘要
Photobiomodulation also known as low-level laser (or light) therapy (LLLT), has been known for almost 50 years but still has not gained widespread acceptance, largely due to uncertainty about the molecular, cellular, and tissular mechanisms of action. However, in recent years, much knowledge has been gained in this area, which will be summarized in this review. One of the most important chromophores is cytochrome c oxidase (unit IV in the mitochondrial respiratory chain), which contains both heme and copper centers and absorbs light into the near-infrared region. The leading hypothesis is that the photons dissociate inhibitory nitric oxide from the enzyme, leading to an increase in electron transport, mitochondrial membrane potential, and adenosine triphosphate production. Another hypothesis concerns light-sensitive ion channels that can be activated allowing calcium (Ca2+) to enter the cell. After the initial photon absorption events, numerous signaling pathways are activated via reactive oxygen species, cyclic AMP, NO, and Ca2+, leading to activation of transcription factors. These transcription factors can lead to increased expression of genes related to protein synthesis, cell migration and proliferation, anti-inflammatory signaling, anti-apoptotic proteins, and antioxidant enzymes. Stem cells and progenitor cells appear to be particularly susceptible to LLLT.
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