Basal Ganglia and Vertebrate Phylogeny Telencephalic Organization in Fishes Telencephalic Organization in Amphibians Basal Ganglia in Reptiles Basal Ganglia in Birds Basal Ganglia in Mammals: An Overview Mammalian Striatum: A Highly Heterogeneous Structure Mammalian Pallidum: A Source of Redundancy Mammalian Substantia Nigra A Dual Structure Basal Ganglia versus Limbic Structure References Indexes.