电力转天然气
氢气储存
可再生能源
风力发电
制氢
储能
氢技术
电
背景(考古学)
氢经济
收入
氢
电力市场
发电
环境经济学
环境科学
工艺工程
业务
工程类
经济
功率(物理)
财务
电气工程
化学
电解
物理化学
电解质
生物
古生物学
量子力学
物理
有机化学
电极
作者
Albert H. Schrotenboer,Arjen T. Veenstra,Michiel A. J. uit het Broek,Evrim Ursavas
标识
DOI:10.1016/j.rser.2022.112744
摘要
The intermittent nature of renewable energy resources such as wind and solar causes the energy supply to be less predictable leading to possible mismatches in the power network. To this end, hydrogen production and storage can provide a solution by increasing flexibility within the system. Stored hydrogen as compressed gas can either be converted back to electricity or it can be used as feed-stock for industry, heating for built environment, and as fuel for vehicles. This research is the first to examine optimal strategies for operating integrated energy systems consisting of renewable energy production and hydrogen storage with direct gas-based use-cases for hydrogen. Using Markov decision process theory, we construct optimal policies for day-to-day decisions on how much energy to store as hydrogen, or buy from or sell to the electricity market, and on how much hydrogen to sell for use as gas. We pay special emphasis to practical settings, such as contractually binding power purchase agreements, varying electricity prices, different distribution channels, green hydrogen offtake agreements, and hydrogen market price uncertainties. Extensive experiments and analysis are performed in the context of Northern Netherlands where Europe’s first Hydrogen Valley is being formed. Results show that gains in operational revenues of up to 51% are possible by introducing hydrogen storage units and competitive hydrogen market-prices. This amounts to a €126,000 increase in revenues per turbine per year for a 4.5 MW wind turbine. Moreover, our results indicate that hydrogen offtake agreements will be crucial in keeping the energy transition on track. • We integrate green hydrogen production with the electricity and the hydrogen market. • We consider the profit-maximizing behavior of green hydrogen energy system operators. • We provide optimal state-dependent solutions via Markov decision process theory. • Including green hydrogen storage can increase operational revenues significantly. • Hydrogen offtake agreements will be crucial to keep the energy transition on track.
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