Plant Protoplasts

Introduction What are Plant Protoplasts? Isolation of Plant Protoplasts Mechanical and Enzymatic Isolation Procedures Source Material for Protoplast Isolation Culture of Isolated Plant Protoplasts Nutritional Requirements of Protoplasts and Culture Media Experimental Systems for Protoplast Culture Plating Density and the Use of Nurse Cells Innovative Approaches to Protoplast Culture Chemical Supplements for Protoplast Culture Media: Surfactants and Antibiotics Manipulation of Respiratory Gases Physical Procedures to Stimulate Protoplast Growth in Culture Protoplast-to-Plant Systems Exploitation of Protoplast-to-Plant Systems: Somatic and Gametosomatic Hybridisation Transformation by DNA Uptake into Isolated Protoplasts Transformation of Protoplasts by Isolated DNA Induction of DNA Uptake into Protoplasts Factors Influencing Protoplast Transformation Application of DNA Uptake into Protoplasts: Stable and Transient Gene Expression Studies Somaclonal Variation: A Simple Form of Genetic Engineering? Miscellaneous Studies with Plant Protoplasts Concluding Remarks References