β-lactamase genes transmission influenced by tetracycline, sulfonamide and β-lactams antibiotics contamination in the on-site farm soil

The prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which have been identified as emerging environmental pollutants that pose a considerable risk to human health is widespread. The formation and transmission of ARGs are mainly associated with the antibiotic stress in an environment. And the abundance of ARGs also influenced by other categories antibiotics. The geographic information system was used to visualize the relative abundance of 28 types of ARGs and concentration of 18 types of antibiotics. The concentration of tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) and sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs) decreased gradually with increasing soil depth, while that of β-lactams (β-Ls) showed an increasing trend. The results revealed that TCs accounted for the largest proportion of all antibiotics. Furthermore, the abundance of β-lactam ARGs (β-RGs) increased with TCs and β-Ls increased. The abundance of tetracycline ARGs (TRGs) remained relatively stable with increasing concentrations of all antibiotics, while that of sulfonamide ARGs (SRGs) showed a decreasing trend. Although the abundance of β-RGs significantly increased with increasing levels of TCs and β-Ls. However, β-RGs were not significantly correlated with β-Ls, but with TCs. This study provided visual and comprehensive insights into the correlation between the distribution of typical antibiotics and ARGs and analyzed the synergy or antagonism between different antibiotics and ARGs. It is significant for soil remediation to reduce the likelihood of ARGs entering into and spreading in the human food chain via milk and beef consumption.