Assessment of Nutritional Status and Body Composition in Children Using Physical Anthropometry and Bioelectrical Impedance: Influence of Diurnal Variations

BACKGROUND: To observe whether there are diurnal variations when assessing children's body composition, using physical anthropometric and bioelectrical impedance (BI) methods. METHODS: In 32 children (18 females and 14 males) aged between 7.1 and 14.9 years, weight, height, arm circumference (AC), four skinfolds, and total body impedance (Z) were measured at 8 A.M., 12 noon, 4 P.M., and 8 P.M. on the same day. Body mass index (BMI), skinfolds sum (SS), total body water (TBW), fat-free mass (FFM), and fat mass (FM) were also calculated at these times. RESULTS: Height at 8 P.M. was 1.156 +/- 0.54 cm less than at 8 A.M. (P < 0.001) and BMI increased 0.434 +/- 0.29 kg/m2 at 8 P.M. (P < 0.001). Weight, SS and AC underwent no significant changes in the course of the day. Z was 5.83% less at 8 P.M. than at 8 A.M. (P < 0.001), yielding a TBW and FFM increase at 8 P.M. of 0.855 +/- 1.061 and 1.173 +/- 1.47 kg, respectively (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In children there is a diurnal decrease in height, impedance and FM, and an increase in BMI, TBW, and FFM. These factors must be taken into account when using such methods for assessing nutritional status in childhood.