T Cell Receptor Engineered Lymphocytes for Cancer Therapy

Abstract T lymphocytes are capable of specific recognition and elimination of target cells. Physiological antigen recognition is mediated by the T cell receptor (TCR), which is an alpha beta heterodimer comprising the products of randomly rearranged V, D, and J genes. The exquisite specificity and functionality of T cells can be leveraged for cancer therapy: specifically, the adoptive transfer of T cells that express tumor‐reactive TCRs can induce regression of solid tumors in patients with advanced cancer. However, the isolation and expression of a tumor antigen‐specific TCRs is a highly involved process that requires identifying an immunogenic epitope, ensuring human cells are of the correct haplotype, performing a laborious T cell expansion process, and carrying out downstream TCR sequencing and cloning. Recent advances in single‐cell sequencing have begun to streamline this process. This protocol synthesizes and expands upon methodologies to generate, isolate, and engineer human T cells with tumor‐reactive TCRs for adoptive cell therapy. Though this process is perhaps more arduous than the alternative strategy of using chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) for engineering, the ability to target intracellular proteins using TCRs substantially increases the types of antigens that can be safely targeted. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1 : Generation of human autologous dendritic cells from monocytes Basic Protocol 2 : In vitro priming and expansion of human antigen‐specific T cells Basic Protocol 3 : Cloning of antigen‐specific T cell receptors based on single‐cell VDJ sequencing data Basic Protocol 4 : Validation of T cell receptor expression and functionality in vitro Basic Protocol 5 : Rapid expansion of T cell receptor–transduced T cells and human T cell clones