Experimental characterization, TDDFT-DFT, and spin effect on [PEG/H2O–ZrO2/TiO2]hhybrid nanofluid 3D flow as potential ceramic industry application

Abstract Doped zirconium oxide nanoparticles [ZrO 2 ] NPs in the [PEG–H 2 O] and [TiO 2 ] NPs in the [PEG–H 2 O/ZrO 2 ] C matrices to fabricated the [PEG–H 2 O/ZrO 2 +TiO 2 ] h hybrid nanofluid films by a sol–gel method, the average crystallite size is 100 ± 5 nm. The nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid thin films are studied using combined experimental and DFT theoretical method (DMOl 3 ), including FTIR spectrum and optical properties. Mathematically, Higher rate of reactions of rotating [PEG/H 2 O–ZrO 2 ] m , and [PEG–H 2 O/ZrO 2 +TiO 2 ] h nanofluids on an extending sheet is considered with thermal radiation and heat source. The numerical Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg of 4–5th order (RKF45) method is used to solve the issue. The results specifically determine that ΔEgOpt ${\Delta}{E}_{g}^{\text{Opt}}$ values decrease from 2.27 eV for [PEG–H 2 O/ZrO 2 ] m mono nanofluid to 1.596 eV for [PEG–H 2 O/ZrO 2 +TiO 2 ] h hybrid nanofluid using the DFT computations HOMO and LUMO calculation. This result concluded that the [PEG–H 2 O/ZrO 2 ] m transformed from semiconductor to [PEG–H 2 O/ZrO 2 +TiO 2 ] h as a superconductor hybrid nanofluid by addition [TiO 2 ] NPs . The hybrid nanoparticles have a higher influence than nanoparticles on the velocity distributions.