Nanotechnologies and Nanomaterials in 3D (Bio)printing toward Bone Regeneration

The utilization of biomedical nanotechnologies and nanomaterials has surged in the field of 3D bone printing and bioprinting. As such, it is possible to reproduce the hierarchical structures and compositions of the native bone-related tissues, allowing for regulating cell behaviors and tissue formation toward bone tissue engineering. The use of nanobiomedical systems may also enhance the shape fidelity and printability apart from endowing plentiful biological functions to the (bio)inks. Herein, first, the recently published literature on nanotechnologies and nanomaterials utilized for 3D bone (bio)printing is overviewed. Later, recent progress and challenges for osseous interface and vascularized bone reconstructions are discussed. Finally, the future prospectives and potential commercialization for 3D-(bio)printed personalized bone implants are proposed.