Sleep spindles in children with restless sleep disorder, restless legs syndrome and normal controls

Abstract Objective To analyze and identify differences in sleep spindles in children with restless sleep disorder (RSD), restless legs syndrome (RLS) and normal controls. Methods PSG (polysomnography) from children with RSD, RLS and normal controls were analyzed. Sleep spindle activity was detected on one frontal and one central electrode, for each epoch of N2 and N3 sleep. Sleep spindle density, duration and intensity (density × duration) were then obtained and used for analysis. Results Thirty-eight children with RSD, twenty-three children with RLS and twenty-nine controls were included. The duration of frontal spindles in sleep stage N2 was longer in children with RSD than in controls. Frontal spindle density and intensity tended to be increased in RSD children. No significant differences were found for central spindles. Conclusion Children with RSD had longer frontal spindles. This finding may contribute to explain the occurrence of excessive movement activity during sleep and the presence of daytime symptoms. Significance Recent research has demonstrated that children with RSD have increased NREM instability and sympathetic activation during sleep. Analyzing sleep spindles in children with RSD in comparison with children with RLS and controls adds to our understanding of the pathophysiology or RSD and its effects on daytime impairment.