Beneficial effect of oat-based postbiotics produced through capsule or free-cell fermentation on lipopolysaccharide activated intestinal cells

CFU/mL and 9.08 mg/mL, respectively), along with increased cell and product yields. The dried postbiotics were also subjected to in vitro digestion, mimicking the gastrointestinal one. A functional characterization of the four postbiotics, undigested and digested postbiotics from both capsule and free-cell fermentation, was performed using the HCT116 colon cell line. All four products prevented LPS- induced activation of the inflammatory pathway, protein oxidative damage, and impaired glutathione reductase activity, with digested postbiotics being more effective than undigested ones. These findings demonstrate that the capsule-based postbiotic is a promising candidate as a functional food with potential applications in nutraceuticals, animal feeding, and cosmetics.