Natural fibers in sustainable materials: extraction technologies, fiber modification, and performance–sustainability relationships

Natural fibers have emerged as sustainable alternatives to synthetic materials in textile applications due to their biodegradability, renewability, and diverse functional properties. Derived from plant, animal, and mineral sources, fibers such as cotton, jute, hemp, flax, silk, and bamboo demonstrate excellent physical and mechanical characteristics suitable for apparel, home furnishing, and industrial textiles. Their utilization supports circular production systems, reduces dependency on petroleum-based resources, and minimizes environmental impacts such as pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. The review comprehensively analyzes the properties, extraction methods, and modifications of natural fibers, highlighting advanced processing techniques like enzymatic and microwave-assisted retting that enhance quality while lowering ecological footprints. Furthermore, it discusses the socio-economic benefits of natural fiber industries, including rural employment generation and resource-efficient production from agricultural residues. Despite challenges related to variability, water use, and processing costs, ongoing research in fiber surface treatment and composite technology is driving innovation and improving performance. The integration of natural fibers into textile manufacturing represents a crucial pathway toward achieving sustainable fashion, environmental stewardship, and a circular bio-economy.