The mRNA Vaccine Heralds a New Era in Vaccinology

Vaccination has had a significant impact on infectious diseases control. However, there are still a number of infectious diseases for which an effective vaccine has yet to be developed. There has been a lot of interest in RNA-based technologies for the creation of therapeutic vaccines over the last two decades. The adaptability of mRNA vaccines, as well as their potential to trigger cellular and humoral responses, are among their benefits. Furthermore, because of their intricate interaction with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), mRNAs have inherent adjuvant qualities. This identification can be advantageous in terms of stimulating antigen-presenting cells (APCs) or harmful in terms of limiting mRNA translation indirectly. We highlight how numerous innate response mechanisms are triggered by mRNA molecules, and how each element, from the 5' cap to the poly-A tail, interferes with innate/adaptive immune responses. mRNA vaccines have the ability to be developed quickly and to be a strong tool in the fight against infectious illnesses. This article provides a thorough overview of mRNA vaccines, including recommendations for future mRNA vaccine development, as well as safety concerns and personalised vaccines. We focused on mRNA delivery and immunological activation, both which have important role for successful mRNA vaccination.