Single-shot Characterization of Femtosecond Pulses by a Residual Network

Through the combination of the transport-of-intensity equation and a residual network, single-shot characterization of ultrashort pulses from 100 fs to 1.5 ps duration is numerically achieved under a sampling rate of merely 10 GSa/s. Benefiting from the nonlinearity-free physical setup, the measurable pulse energy is as low as 1 fJ.