Cross-modal interactions caused by nonvolatile compounds derived from fermentation, distillation and aging to harmonize flavor

Chinese liquor (Baijiu), unique liquor produced in China and among the six world-renowned distilled liquors, is never a follower of others. Flavor is the essential characteristics of Baijiu which largely affect consumers' acceptance and selection. Though the flavor of Baijiu has been widely explored, the majority of research and review mainly focused on the volatile compounds in Baijiu. The research status on detection, source and flavor contribution of nonvolatile compounds in Baijiu is clarified in the article based on available literatures and knowledge. The nonvolatile composition of Baijiu is the result of contributions of different degrees from each step involved in the production process. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with derivatization and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry is the generally adopted methods for the characterization of nonvolatile compounds in Baijiu. Certain nonvolatile compounds are taste-active compounds. Cross-modal interactions caused by nonvolatile composition could affect the aroma intensity of flavor compounds in Baijiu. The work provides numerous incompletely explored but useful points for the flavor chemistry of Baijiu and lays a theoretical foundation for the better understanding of Baijiu flavor and rapid development of Baijiu industry.