A Dual‐Targeting, Multi‐Faceted Biocompatible Nanodrug Optimizes the Microenvironment to Ameliorate Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Abstract Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a highly lethal cardiovascular disease that currently lacks effective pharmacological treatment given the complex pathophysiology of the disease. Here, single‐cell RNA‐sequencing data from patients with AAA and a mouse model are analyzed, which reveals pivotal pathological changes, including the M1‐like polarization of macrophages and the loss of contractile function in smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Both cell types express the integrin αvβ 3, allowing for their dual targeting with a single rationally designed molecule. To this end, a biocompatible nanodrug, which is termed EVMS@R‐HNC, that consists of the multifunctional drug everolimus (EVMS) encapsulated by the hepatitis B virus core protein modifies to contain the RGD sequence to specifically bind to integrin αvβ 3 is designed. Both in vitro and in vivo results show that EVMS@R‐HNC can target macrophages as well as SMCs. Upon binding of the nanodrug, the EVMS is released intracellularly where it exhibits multiple functions, including inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization, thereby suppressing the self‐propagating inflammatory cascade and immune microenvironment imbalance, while preserving the normal contractile function of SMCs. Collectively, these results suggest that EVMS@R‐HNC presents a highly promising therapeutic approach for the management of AAA.