Key targets and pathways in skin photoaging: a comprehensive review

In recent years, our understanding of photoaging and photoprotection has significantly advanced, with photoaging now widely recognized as a key factor affecting both the health and aesthetic quality of the skin. This paper explores the underlying mechanisms of skin damage caused by various bands of the light spectrum, along with the classical biological targets associated with photoaging. It proposes innovative strategies for effective photoprotection, including: (1) broadening protection beyond the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum; (2) tailoring sunscreen formulations to match different skin phototypes; and (3) adopting a comprehensive photoprotective approach that integrates prevention, defense, and repair. These strategies offer a theoretical foundation for the development of next-generation photoprotective products, contributing to the mitigation of photoaging and the maintenance of skin health.