Research progress of wearable electrochemical biosensors based on metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) for sweat detection

Wearable biosensors provide a new approach for personal health monitoring, and sweat detection has attracted much attention due to its advantages such as easy sample collection and continuous monitoring. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), as emerging materials, demonstrate unique potential in the field of sweat detection. This article reviews the research progress of wearable electrochemical biosensors for sweat detection, detailing common sensitive materials (including bioenzymes, bioantibodies, molecularly imprinted polymers, and metal nanomaterials) and their detection principles. It summarizes the concentration ranges of biomarkers in sweat, sensing strategies, and health impacts.The advantages and disadvantages of MOFs for sweat detection are thoroughly discussed, along with common preparation methods. To address the low conductivity of MOFs, this paper summarizes common approaches combining MOFs with conductive materials, with a focus on integrating MOFs with hydrogels. Additionally, it describes the detection applications of MOF-based sweat sensors for biomarkers such as glucose, lactate, and cortisol. Finally, prospects for the development of MOF-based wearable sweat sensors are presented, suggesting the need to improve detection sensitivity and anti-interference capabilities, integrate more functional modules, develop new energy devices, and promote clinical applications and standardized detection.