Exploring superior capsular reconstruction and tendon transfers for massive irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears

Rotator cuff tears are prevalent, affecting 20% of the general population, with massive tears accounting for 40% of these cases. Massive tears, those larger than 5 cm or involving several tendons, pose substantial clinical problems, including poorer surgical outcomes and increased recurrence rates. Multiple classification systems offer varied definitions, complicating treatment strategies. The irreparability of these tears, exacerbated by conditions such as tendon atrophy and advanced imaging abnormalities, can further complicate management. Surgical options include superior capsular reconstruction (SCR) and tendon transfers. SCR, which involves attaching a graft to the superior glenoid and greater tuberosity, has shown promise in individuals with intact subscapularis tendons and minimal arthritis. Graft alternatives include fascia lata (FL) autografts, human dermal allografts, and long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) autografts. Each graft type has distinct advantages and disadvantages, with FL autografts providing greater results despite donor site morbidity. Tendon transfers, such as latissimus dorsi and lower trapezius transfers, offer alternative treatments, especially for younger, more active individuals. This review thoroughly reviews different therapeutic options, emphasizing the most recent evidence and clinical outcomes to help guide the best management of massive posterosuperior irreparable rotator cuff injuries.