Management of Antibiotic Pollution: Detection, Elimination and Degradation Processes

Since the development of first antibiotic, there have development of various other classes of antibiotics of different structures. They have become an important part of our life almost every family in the world is using antibiotic. Most of anatibiotics are sold as OTC medicines. This practice has lead to irrational use of antibiotics. The overdosing of antibiotic leads to most part of dose remain unmetabolized. This unmetabolized part of dose remains in faeces of humans, which directly reaches to sewers of the city. This remaing part of unmetablized part of drug interacts with thr microorganisms in sewers and rivers. This results in acquiring resistance to the drugs. The antibiotics have also been used in agricultural uses. Most farmers do not have roper knowledge of using the antibiotics or information regarding the proper usage of antibiotics, this leads to the irrational use of antibiotics, which leads to microorganisms acquiring the resistance. This review article contains the complete information regarding the sources, causes, areas where antibiotics are accumulated and there effects on human health. This article also focuses on the various methods of detection of the antibiotics in the soil and water. Major focus is given on the Elimination of antibiotics. Section 8, contains information on varoius elimnation pathways of antibiotics such as adsorption, membrane filtration, activated sludge and enzymatic pathways etc. Various method for degradation antibiotics presents in the environment are suggested in section 9 of this review article. methods such as Anaerobic digestion, constructed wetlands, Algae based systems, Application of biochar and bioelectrochemical systems have been discussed. Other novel methods such as Bismuth-based photocatalysis, Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), Semiconductor assisted photocatalysis and manure composting have also been discussed.