High‐fat diet induced obesity promotes inflammation, oxidative stress, and hepatotoxicity in female FVB/N mice

Abstract Although obesity and subsequent liver injury are increasingly prevalent in women, female mouse models have generally shown resistance to high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced obesity. We evaluated control and HFD‐fed male and female FVB/N mice, a strain well‐suited to transgenic analyses, for phenotypic, histological, and molecular markers related to control of glucose, lipids, and inflammation in serum, liver, and perigonadal white adipose tissues. Unlike many mouse models, HFD‐fed FVB/N females gained more perigonadal and mesenteric fat mass and overall body weight than their male counterparts, with increased hepatic expression of lipogenic PPARγ target genes ( Cd36 , Fsp27 , and Fsp27β ), oxidative stress genes and protein ( Nqo1 and CYP2E1), inflammatory gene ( Mip‐2 ), and the pro‐fibrotic gene Pai‐1 , along with increases in malondialdehyde and serum ALT levels. Further, inherent to females (independently of HFD), hepatic antioxidant heme oxygenase‐1 (HMOX1, HO‐1) protein levels were reduced compared to their male counterparts. In contrast, males may have been relatively protected from HFD‐induced oxidative stress and liver injury by elevated mRNA and protein levels of hepatic antioxidants BHMT and Gpx2 , increased fatty acid oxidation genes in liver and adipocytes (Pparδ), despite disorganized and inflamed adipocytes. Thus, female FVB/N mice offer a valuable preclinical, genetically malleable model that recapitulates many of the features of diet‐induced obesity and liver damage observed in human females.