A review on membrane fouling and anti-fouling modification strategies of PVDF membranes in oil–water separation

phase inversion, electrospinning, and combined crystallization and diffusion (CCD) to optimize overall performance) and surface modification (post-formation tuning using biomolecules, layered double hydroxides (LDHs), and surface patterning to enhance surface properties). Overall, this review aims to provide insights into the fundamental science and engineering aspects underlying PVDF membrane fouling and anti-fouling modification, as well as the challenges and opportunities to guide further advances in developing high-performance, anti-fouling PVDF membranes for efficient oily wastewater treatment.