The Complex Formation Between Ginsenosides and Glutathione Utilized in Cosmetics to Promote Transdermal Absorption and Mask the Bad Odor of Glutathione

Glutathione (GSH), renowned for its antioxidant properties and ability to inhibit tyrosinase activity, finds widespread application in skincare products for its anti-aging and skin-whitening effects. However, the presence of thiol (-SH) groups in glutathione imparts an unpleasant odor, detracting from user comfort. In this study, we investigate the potential of ginsenosides (GS) derived from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer to mask the malodor of glutathione in cosmetics. We validate the odor masking effect of GS on GSH through HS-SPME-GCMS technology. Through multispectroscopic analyses including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and fluorescence spectroscopy, as well as UPLC/QTOF-MS detection, we elucidate the formation and molecular mechanisms of the GSH-GS complex. Our findings reveal intermolecular interactions between glutathione and GS, leading to alterations in spatial conformation and molecular polarity of GSH. Furthermore, fluorescence assays demonstrate the quenching of glutathione fluorescence by GS via a static mechanism. Thermodynamic evaluations confirm the spontaneity of complex formation and provide insight into the bonding forces involved. The formation of the GSH-GS complex increased the transdermal absorption rate of GSH in vitro. Overall, the GSH-GS complex presents a promising strategy for enhancing the olfactory profile of skincare products containing glutathione, thereby improving consumer acceptance and efficacy.