Advancements in carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) modifications and their diverse biomedical applications: a comprehensive review

A Comprehensive Review delves into the evolution of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) modifications and their extensive utilization in biomedical fields. Various cross-linking agents and methods such as physical, chemical, photo, and enzymatic cross-linking are explored for enhancing CMC properties. This modified CMC exhibits notable antimicrobial and antifungal activities, rendering it pivotal in pharmaceutical formulations. Moreover, its versatility extends to biomedical applications including drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound dressing, regenerative medicine, bioimaging, biosensing, diagnosis, Vaccine and immunotherapy and other therapeutic purposes. This review provides a thorough insight into the multifaceted roles of modified CMC in contemporary biomedical sciences.