Low-temperature Zn-based batteries: A comprehensive overview

Temperature fluctuations pose a critical challenge to the efficacy of energy storage systems in various applications, including electronic devices, electric vehicles, and large-scale energy stations. At low temperatures, particularly below subzero, batteries tent to exhibit sluggish kinetics, leading to increased internal resistance, exacerbated risk of dendrite growth, and low efficiency of active materials. Therefore, to meet the needs of the rapid expansion electric industry, enhancing the low-temperature operational capabilities and safety of batteries is not just a technical objective but an exigent necessity. Zn-based Batteries have gained significant attention as a promising low-temperature rechargeable battery technology due to their high energy density and excellent safety characteristics. In the present review, we aim to present a comprehensive and timely analysis of low-temperature Zn-based batteries. This review summarizes the recent progress in Zn-based batteries, delves into underlying mechanisms that enable their operation in cold conditions, and assesses the challenges inherent in their application. Special emphasis is given to the prospects of Zn-based batteries within the broader landscape of energy storage technology under the constraints of low-temperature conditions.