Tuning Sulfur Reduction via Unique Radical-Mediated Solid–Liquid–Solid Pathway for High-Rate Aqueous Zn–S Batteries

The sluggish solid–solid sulfur conversion leads to ultrahigh polarization and poor cycling stability, severely limiting the potential of aqueous Zn–S electrochemistry. Herein, trimethylsulfoxonium iodide (TMSO + I – ) as an electrolyte additive is introduced to manipulate the radical-mediated solid–liquid–solid conversion pathway via restructuring electron transport. Specifically, the generated trimethylsulfoxonium radical (TMSO*) enables relayed electron transfer through reversible TMSO + /TMSO* redox cycling. Moreover, its orbital coupling with polysulfides (S n 2– ) stabilizes TMSO*-S n 2– intermediates, lowers their LUMO energy, and facilitates streamlined electron transfer. This restructured electron-transfer pathway guides the stepwise formation of liquid intermediates and tunes the sulfur redox behavior. Consequently, the novel conversion mechanism endows the Zn–S cells with a high capacity of 1728 mAh g –1, a low overpotential of 0.42 V at 0.1 A g –1, and stable cycling for over 800 cycles with 80.21% capacity retention at 15 A g –1 . Remarkably, a practical pouch cell delivers a projected cell-level energy density of 95 Wh kg –1 .