Bottom-up fabrication of high-strength mycelium-based materials: Tween as a bioregulator of mycelium growth

, substantially surpassing the corresponding values obtained for previously reported pure mycelium-based materials. Moreover, the material demonstrates integrated multifunctionality, including hydrophobicity, thermal stability, antibacterial activity, and biodegradability. This study establishes a scalable, environmentally benign platform for high-performance biocomposites manufacturing and provides a foundational design paradigm for next-generation sustainable consumer goods and packaging solutions.