Integration of metal-organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks: Design, synthesis, and applications

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), featuring porous crystalline materials, have attracted tremendous attention for various applications due to their periodic and well-defined structures, high surface area, and tunable pore architectures. In particular, the facile modification of MOFs and COFs enables their intermesh into MOF/COF hybrids to enhance performance and/or extend scope toward diverse applications. In this review, we provide an overview of significant progress in the design and synthesis of MOF/COF hybrids, including [email protected], [email protected], MOF + COF, C-MOF, and COF-in-MOF, and their various applications in catalysis, gas adsorption, sensing, energy storage, and photodynamic therapy. The challenges and prospects of the construction of MOF/COF hybrids for various applications are also briefly discussed.