Food-derived extracellular vesicles: an emerging intervention strategy for inflammatory bowel disease

FEVs from distinct sources exhibit characteristic structural and functional profiles that enable source-specific intervention strategies for IBD. These natural nanovesicles demonstrate multi-modal therapeutic effects by modulating gut microbiota composition, enhancing intestinal barrier integrity, and fine-tuning immune responses. Their role as nutritional modulators and drug delivery vehicles holds significant clinical promise for IBD management. However, translational challenges persist, including mechanism uncertainties, suboptimal targeting efficiency, unverified long-term safety, and limited production yields. Future studies should prioritize bridging these knowledge gaps to facilitate FEV-based clinical translation.