Study on Factors Influencing the Migration of Heavy Metals from Soil to Vegetables in a Heavy Industry City

A comprehensive investigation into sustainable agriculture and environmental health was conducted in the Baotou region, encompassing analyses of 90 vegetable samples across 12 varieties and their corresponding rhizosphere soil samples. The physical and chemical properties of the soil, along with the content and chemical speciations of heavy metals, were studied. Results indicated that the study area soil is alkaline to strongly alkaline, with significant heterogeneity in the organic carbon and phosphorus contents, affecting the uptake of heavy metals by these vegetables. The balance of Ca, K, Mg, and P is crucial for soil nutrient equilibrium and reducing heavy metal uptake. The heavy metal contents in the twelve vegetables were below the national food contaminant limit values, with notable accumulations of Cd, Zn, Cu, and Hg. There was a curvilinear correlation between the rhizosphere soil and vegetable contents of Cd and Hg, but differences in uptake were observed. Cd, Zn, Cu, and Hg contents in vegetables were significant, correlating curvilinearly with soil heavy metal content. Soil chemical forms influenced bioavailability, with Cd exhibiting the highest bioactivity. Thus, element migration variations in vegetables reflect the combined influence of the soil’s physical and chemical properties, heavy metal content, and chemical forms. This study validates food safety protocols and soil management practices. Results demonstrate key relationships between soil properties, metal behavior, and plant uptake, enabling targeted solutions for heavy metal contamination and soil remediation. Findings advance sustainable agriculture while protecting ecosystems and food security.