Phospholipase Dδ and phosphatidic acid mediate heat‐induced nuclear localization of glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase in Arabidopsis

SUMMARY Cytosolic glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPC) is a glycolytic enzyme, but undergoes stress‐induced nuclear translocation for moonlighting. We previously reported that in response to heat stress, GAPC accumulated in the nucleus to modulate transcription and thermotolerance. Here we show a cellular and molecular mechanism that mediates heat‐induced nuclear translocation of cytosolic GAPC in Arabidopsis thaliana . Heat‐induced GAPC nuclear accumulation and plant heat tolerance were reduced in Arabidopsis phospholipase D (PLD) knockout mutants of pldδ and pldα1pldδ , but not of pldα1 . These changes were restored to wild type by genetic complementation with active PLDδ, but not with catalytically inactive PLDδ. GAPC overexpression enhanced the seedling thermotolerance and the expression of heat‐inducible genes, but this effect was abolished in the pldδ background. Heat stress elevated the levels of the PLD product phosphatidic acid (PA) in the nucleus in wild type, but not in pldδ plants. Lipid labeling demonstrated the heat‐induced nuclear co‐localization of PA and GAPC, which was impaired by zinc, which inhibited the PA–GAPC interaction, and by the membrane trafficking inhibitor brefeldin A (BFA). The GAPC nuclear accumulation and seedling thermotolerance were also decreased by treatment with zinc or BFA. Our data suggest that PLDδ and PA are critical for the heat‐induced nuclear translocation of GAPC. We propose that PLDδ‐produced PA mediates the process via lipid–protein interaction and that the lipid mediation acts as a cellular conduit linking stress perturbations at cell membranes to nuclear functions in plants coping with heat stress.