Phosphorus/nitrogen sensing and signaling in diverse root–fungus symbioses

Abstract

Establishing mutualistic relationships between plants and fungi is crucial for overcoming nutrient deficiencies in plants. This review highlights the intricate nutrient sensing and uptake mechanisms used by plants in response to phosphate and nitrogen starvation, as well as their interactions with plant immunity. The coordination of transport systems in both host plants and fungal partners ensures efficient nutrient uptake and assimilation, contributing to the long-term maintenance of these mutualistic associations. It is also essential to understand the distinct responses of fungal partners to external nutrient levels and forms, as they significantly impact the outcomes of symbiotic interactions. Our review also highlights the importance of evolutionarily younger and newly discovered root–fungus associations, such as endophytic associations, which offer potential benefits for improving plant nutrition. Mechanistic insights into the complex dynamics of phosphorus and nitrogen sensing within diverse root–fungus associations can facilitate the identification of molecular targets for engineering symbiotic systems and developing plant phenotypes with enhanced nutrient use efficiency. Ultimately, this knowledge can inform tailored fertilizer management practices to optimize plant nutrition.