Melanoma classification and management in the era of molecular medicine

Melanoma is the most lethal form of skin cancer although surgery is often curative when combined with early screening and prevention. In recurrent or advanced cancer, the emergence of chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immune checkpoint inhibitors has demonstrated promising clinical outcomes. Such approaches can remarkably halt the progression of disease for many years, although are limited by the acquisition of resistance. The development and approval of combination therapies has further changed the treatment paradigm for certain melanomas. This review focuses on the current state of melanoma epidemiology and recent advancements in melanoma screening, histopathological classification, staged excision (i.e. wide local excision, sentinel lymph node biopsy, and Mohs micrographic surgery), and systemic treatment.