角鲨烯
类胡萝卜素
植物烯
生物合成
生物化学
生物
八氢番茄红素脱氢酶
八氢番茄红素合酶
红色红螺菌
萜类
染色体体
萜烯
角鲨烯单加氧酶
化学
质体
叶绿体
基因
酶
番茄红素
作者
Carlos Santana-Molina,Valentina Henriques,Dámaso Hornero‐Méndez,Damien P. Devos,Elena Rivas-Marín
标识
DOI:10.1073/pnas.2210081119
摘要
Carotenoids are isoprenoid lipids found across the tree of life with important implications in oxidative stress adaptations, photosynthetic metabolisms, as well as in membrane dynamics. The canonical view is that C40 carotenoids are synthesized from phytoene and C30 carotenoids from diapophytoene. Squalene is mostly associated with the biosynthesis of polycyclic triterpenes, although there have been suggestions that it could also be involved in the biosynthesis of C30 carotenoids. However, demonstration of the existence of this pathway in nature is lacking. Here, we demonstrate that C30 carotenoids are synthesized from squalene in the Planctomycetes bacteria and that this squalene route to C30 carotenoids is the most widespread in prokaryotes. Using the evolutionary history of carotenoid and squalene amino oxidases, we propose an evolutionary scenario to explain the origin and diversification of the different carotenoid and squalene-related pathways. We show that carotenoid biosynthetic pathways have been constantly transferred and neofunctionalized during prokaryotic evolution. One possible origin of the squalene pathway connects it with the one of C40 carotenoid synthesis of Cyanobacteria. The widespread occurrence of the squalene route to C30 carotenoids in Bacteria increases the functional repertoire of squalene, establishing it as a general hub of carotenoids and polycyclic triterpenes synthesis.
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