Innovative Electrochemical Sensors for Pesticide Residue Detection: Nanomaterials, Miniaturization, and Intelligent Data Analysis

The increasing use of pesticides in agriculture has raised concerns over their residues in food products, necessitating the development of effective detection methods to ensure consumer safety and environmental sustainability. This review covers cutting- edge advances in electrochemical sensors for pesticide residue detection, emphasizing their significance in addressing the limitations of traditional methods. The authors summarize recent progress in sensor materials for enhancing detection sensitivity and selectivity, including metal-organic frameworks, single-atom materials, MXene-based materials, and conductive polymers and so on. The review highlights the progress in sensor miniaturization and portability, enabling on-site and real-time monitoring through the integration with microfluidic devices and wearable technology. It discusses the challenges and strategies for simultaneous detection of multiple pesticide residues to enhance efficiency. The influence of environmental factors on sensor performance is analyzed, and adaptive technologies are proposed to stabilize sensor performance under varying conditions. Moreover, the integration of big data and artificial intelligence in electrochemical sensing is examined, showing its potential in intelligent data analysis and automation. The review concludes by identifying the current challenges and future directions in electrochemical sensing for pesticide residues, suggesting that innovative sensor technologies hold the promise of transforming food safety monitoring and environmental protection.