Synthesis of Biomass Polyurethane and Its Properties

PU, or polyurethane, features a repeating urethane group (-NH-COO-) in its molecular structure. Traditionally, PUs are synthesized from isocyanate and polyol compounds derived from fossil resources through polymerization reactions. The depletion of fossil fuels and the increasing climate problems call for the expansion of more renewable sources of chemicals, such as modern biomass. However, the conversion of biomass into chemicals is challenging due to the inherent molecular complexity of its composition. In recent years, advances in green chemistry have led researchers to focus on developing bio-based polyurethanes by sourcing polyols, isocyanates, and chain extender precursors from biological materials. This paper focuses on the preparation of polyols, non-isocyanates and bio-based chain extenders from bio-based materials such as vegetable oils, lignin, sugars, and rosin. The synthetic routes and properties of several bio-based polyurethane materials are analyzed. Additionally, it discusses the current status, future challenges, and potential applications of bio-based polyurethane materials across various fields.