Prevalence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in a Rural Chinese Population: The Handan Eye Study

Purpose To describe the prevalence of age-related degeneration (AMD) in a rural Chinese population and to assess its associations with age, gender, and smoking. Design Population-based cross-sectional. Participants Persons aged 30+ years, recruited between October 2006 and October 2007, from Yongnian County, Handan, Hebei Province, China. Methods All participants underwent a standardized interview and comprehensive eye examinations, including digital retinal photography of both eyes. Trained graders assessed the presence and severity of AMD lesions following the modified Wisconsin Age-related Maculopathy Grading System (WARMGS) used in the Blue Mountains Eye Study (BMES). Direct age standardization to the world population (year 2000) was performed to compare the prevalence across different populations. Main Outcome Measures AMD and WARMGS. Results Of 6830 participates, fundus photographs were gradable for 6581 persons (96.4%), including 4049 aged 50+ years. Early and late AMD prevalence rates were 3.0% and 0.1%, respectively, among participants. The age-standardized prevalence rates among participants aged 50+ years were 4.7% and 0.2%, respectively. After controlling for age, men had a higher prevalence of early (3.9% vs. 2.3%, odds ratio [OR] 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3–2.2) and late AMD (0.1% vs. 0.03%; OR 3.5; CI, 0.4–33.4) compared with women. Older age (sex-adjusted OR 1.7; CI, 1.3–2.2 per decade of age) and current smoking (age-sex-adjusted OR 1.4; CI, 1.0–2.1) were significantly associated with early AMD prevalence. The proportion of current smokers was substantially higher in men (58.7%) than in women (0.3%). The attributable risk of early AMD from smoking among Chinese men was 24.2%. After controlling for current smoking, the excess prevalence of early AMD in men compared with women reduced by 50% (OR 1.4; 95% CI, 0.9–2.0). Conclusions The prevalence of early AMD in this rural Chinese sample was similar to white persons in the BMES and Asian Malays in the Singapore Malay Eye Study. Late AMD prevalence, however, was lower. Higher prevalence rates for early and late AMD in men compared with women were largely attributed to substantially higher proportions of smokers in rural Chinese men than in women. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article. To describe the prevalence of age-related degeneration (AMD) in a rural Chinese population and to assess its associations with age, gender, and smoking. Population-based cross-sectional. Persons aged 30+ years, recruited between October 2006 and October 2007, from Yongnian County, Handan, Hebei Province, China. All participants underwent a standardized interview and comprehensive eye examinations, including digital retinal photography of both eyes. Trained graders assessed the presence and severity of AMD lesions following the modified Wisconsin Age-related Maculopathy Grading System (WARMGS) used in the Blue Mountains Eye Study (BMES). Direct age standardization to the world population (year 2000) was performed to compare the prevalence across different populations. AMD and WARMGS. Of 6830 participates, fundus photographs were gradable for 6581 persons (96.4%), including 4049 aged 50+ years. Early and late AMD prevalence rates were 3.0% and 0.1%, respectively, among participants. The age-standardized prevalence rates among participants aged 50+ years were 4.7% and 0.2%, respectively. After controlling for age, men had a higher prevalence of early (3.9% vs. 2.3%, odds ratio [OR] 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3–2.2) and late AMD (0.1% vs. 0.03%; OR 3.5; CI, 0.4–33.4) compared with women. Older age (sex-adjusted OR 1.7; CI, 1.3–2.2 per decade of age) and current smoking (age-sex-adjusted OR 1.4; CI, 1.0–2.1) were significantly associated with early AMD prevalence. The proportion of current smokers was substantially higher in men (58.7%) than in women (0.3%). The attributable risk of early AMD from smoking among Chinese men was 24.2%. After controlling for current smoking, the excess prevalence of early AMD in men compared with women reduced by 50% (OR 1.4; 95% CI, 0.9–2.0). The prevalence of early AMD in this rural Chinese sample was similar to white persons in the BMES and Asian Malays in the Singapore Malay Eye Study. Late AMD prevalence, however, was lower. Higher prevalence rates for early and late AMD in men compared with women were largely attributed to substantially higher proportions of smokers in rural Chinese men than in women.