Carbonic anhydrase membranes for carbon capture and storage

• Multifunctional nanomaterials can be adapted to high-performance membranes. • A variety of enzyme immobilizing strategies are reviewed. • The applications of enzymatic membranes have diverse ex-vivo fields. • The challenges and further perspectives are discussed. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) based membranes with unique biological activities have been widely explored for carbon capture and storage (CCS), owing to their high efficiency, easy operation, low energy requirement, and environmental sustainability. However, limitations of CA enzymes, such as low thermal stabilities, narrow optimum pH ranges, and difficulties in recovery from reaction media, hinder its practical applications. Consequently, combining its enzymatic activity with membrane technologies for industrial uses is an attractive strategy. This current review explores a variety of immobilization approaches and summarizes the mechanistic features of enzymatic membranes in CO 2 capture. Immobilized enzymes can be recycled to reduce process costs and improve the CO 2 permeability and selectivity of the membranes. This makes enzymatic membranes attractive for CCS. The study also summarizes the structure, synthesis, and applications of a variety of CA analogues to demonstrate their advantages compared with natural CA. CA analogues hold promise for industrial and biomimetic applications. Graphical Abstract .