Synergistic Carbonyl and Cyano Passivation for Efficient Blade-Coated Perovskite Solar Cells

Homogeneous and defect-minimized perovskite films are critical for efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, we introduce a small molecule with electron-rich carbonyl and cyano groups in the perovskite films to regulate the crystallization process and passivate defects. The electron-rich carbonyl and cyano groups of the FDP molecules could coordinate with Pb $^{{2}+}$ dangling bonds and reduce the density of VPb. The synergistic effect of crystallization modulation and defect passivation could significantly improve film quality and suppress carrier nonradiative recombination. As a result, the champion devices realize an increased efficiency of 23.39% for small areas (0.08 cm $^{{2}}\text {)}$ and a high efficiency of 20.69% for larger areas (1 cm $^{{2}}\text {)}$ . The inverted perovskite modules with an aperture area of 45 cm2 obtain a champion efficiency of 20.38%, indicating a teeny efficiency loss of 1.5% from 1 to 45 cm2. These findings provide an innovative avenue to achieve high-efficiency perovskite modules and facilitate the commercialization of large-area PSCs.