Design of Personalized Neoantigen RNA Vaccines Against Cancer Based on Next-Generation Sequencing Data

The good clinical results of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in recent cancer therapy and the success of RNA vaccines against SARS-nCoV2 have provided important lessons to the scientific community. On the one hand, the efficacy of ICI depends on the number and immunogenicity of tumor neoantigens (TNAs) which unfortunately are not abundantly expressed in many cancer subtypes. On the other hand, novel RNA vaccines have significantly improved both the stability and immunogenicity of mRNA and its efficient delivery, this way overcoming past technique limitations and also allowing a quick vaccine development at the same time. These two facts together have triggered a resurgence of therapeutic cancer vaccines which can be designed to include individual TNAs and be synthesized in a timeframe short enough to be suitable for the tailored treatment of a given cancer patient. In this chapter, we explain the pipeline for the synthesis of TNA-carrying RNA vaccinesVaccines which encompasses several steps such as individual tumorTumors next-generation sequencing (NGSNext-generation sequencing (NGS)), selection of immunogenic TNAsTumor neoantigens (TNAs), nucleic acid synthesis, drug delivery systemsDrug delivery systems, and immunogenicity assessment, all of each step comprising different alternatives and variations which will be discussed.