Conceptualising Systems Thinking: The Fundamentals, Methodologies and Tools

ABSTRACT This paper examines the concept of Systems Thinking, a transdisciplinary approach to addressing complex and interconnected challenges. Despite its increasing relevance, Systems Thinking lacks a universally accepted definition, leading to confusion around its scope, application and core principles. By tracing its historical development and examining key methodologies and tools, this research highlights the interplay between its fundamental elements and their practical implications. To address the accessibility gap, this paper introduces the Fundamentals, Methodologies and Tools (FMT) Circle, a conceptual framework that frames Systems Thinking around these three core elements. The FMT Circle aims to provide an approachable entry point for the ‘Systems curious’—individuals seeking to engage with Systems Thinking without extensive prior knowledge, and igniting the conversation between Systems academics regarding how the theory and tools within Systems Thinking can be disseminated and practiced for the improvement of society. This framework promotes broader engagement while supporting the discipline's evolution as an adaptable and useful tool for addressing the complex problems of the modern world.