材料科学
脚手架
生物医学工程
C2C12型
弹性体
聚己内酯
组织工程
再生(生物学)
聚酯纤维
骨骼肌
自愈水凝胶
聚合物
复合材料
解剖
高分子化学
肌发生
细胞生物学
生物
医学
作者
Seyda Gokyer,Emel Yılgör,Emine Berber,Nihal Engin Vrana,Kaan Orhan,Yanad Abou Monsef,Orcun Guvener,Murat Zinnuroğlu,Çağdaş Oto,Pınar Yılgör Huri
出处
期刊:ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering
[American Chemical Society]
日期:2021-10-18
卷期号:7 (11): 5189-5205
被引量:12
标识
DOI:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00703
摘要
Effective skeletal muscle tissue engineering relies on control over the scaffold architecture for providing muscle cells with the required directionality, together with a mechanical property match with the surrounding tissue. Although recent advances in 3D printing fulfill the first requirement, the available synthetic polymers either are too rigid or show unfavorable surface and degradation profiles for the latter. In addition, natural polymers that are generally used as hydrogels lack the required mechanical stability to withstand the forces exerted during muscle contraction. Therefore, one of the most important challenges in the 3D printing of soft and elastic tissues such as skeletal muscle is the limitation of the availability of elastic, durable, and biodegradable biomaterials. Herein, we have synthesized novel, biocompatible and biodegradable, elastomeric, segmented polyurethane and polyurethaneurea (TPU) copolymers which are amenable for 3D printing and show high elasticity, low modulus, controlled biodegradability, and improved wettability, compared to conventional polycaprolactone (PCL) and PCL-based TPUs. The degradation profile of the 3D printed TPU scaffold was in line with the potential tissue integration and scaffold replacement process. Even though TPU attracts macrophages in 2D configuration, its 3D printed form showed limited activated macrophage adhesion and induced muscle-like structure formation by C2C12 mouse myoblasts in vitro, while resulting in a significant increase in muscle regeneration in vivo in a tibialis anterior defect in a rat model. Effective muscle regeneration was confirmed with immunohistochemical assessment as well as evaluation of electrical activity produced by regenerated muscle by EMG analysis and its force generation via a custom-made force transducer. Micro-CT evaluation also revealed production of more muscle-like structures in the case of implantation of cell-laden 3D printed scaffolds. These results demonstrate that matching the tissue properties for a given application via use of tailor-made polymers can substantially contribute to the regenerative outcomes of 3D printed tissue engineering scaffolds.
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