The structure, formation, and effect of plasma protein layer on the blood contact materials: A review

Understanding material-protein interactions is the basis for regulating material-blood interactions, which is a common topic of interest for medical material developers. In recent years, researchers have conducted extensive studies on (1) the structural characteristics of the plasma protein adsorption layer on the material surface, including the evolution of the protein adsorption layer and its typical binary structure. (2) Influence factors of the protein adsorption layer formation include protein factors (e.g., isoelectric point, structural stability), material factors (e.g., wettability, surface charge, morphology, size), and environmental factors. (3) Effects of some common plasma proteins in the protein adsorption layer on material-blood interactions. Here, we review the important research results in this field, hoping to provide a reference for future development of advanced blood contact materials.