Spatiotemporal pattern and long-term trend of global surface urban heat islands characterized by dynamic urban-extent method and MODIS data

In this study, the global surface urban heat island (SUHI) for 1711 cities during 2003–2019 was quantified by the dynamic urban-extent (DUE) scheme with the land surface temperature datasets from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Terra and Aqua through the Google Earth Engine platform. The global pattern and regional contrasts of SUHI intensity (SUHII), and the interannual changing rate of SUHII (δSUHII) were revealed at the annual, summer, and winter scales. Further, the associated driving factors for long-term SUHII were explored from a temporal perspective. The main findings are as follows: (1) Globally, the global mean SUHII over 2003–2019 for annual daytime (1.32 °C) and annual nighttime (1.09 °C) by DUE are generally higher than that by previous simplified urban-extent (SUE) scheme. Accordingly, the summer daytime and nighttime SUHIIs are 1.98 °C, 1.05 ℃, while the winter daytime and nighttime SUHIIs are 0.76 ℃, and 1.10 ℃. (2) The annual, summer, and winter δSUHIIs are 0.11 °C/decade, 0.27 °C/decade, and −0.06 °C/decade, respectively, at daytime, and 0.07 °C/decade, 0.09 °C/decade, and 0.10 °C/decade, respectively, at nighttime. (3) The global SUHII and δSUHII demonstrates evident regional contrast. The warm temperate and snow zones show distinct seasonal variations from summer to winter for daytime SUHII. Specifically, the negative daytime SUHII is detected for the arid zone, which exhibits the highest day-night variation and shows decreasing trend. (4) The global SUHII and δSUHII indicate distinct latitudinal variations, and an additional flip-flop (daytime SUHII < nighttime SUHII) region is detected between 10 °S and 20 °S. (5) The long-term daytime SUHII are negatively regulated by the urban–rural difference on evaporative cooling of vegetation; while at nighttime, it is negatively affected by the urban–rural difference on surface thermophysical properties. It implies the urban greening and surface properties should be specifically concerned to increase the evaporation cooling and reduce the heat retention in SUHII mitigation.