Norcantharidin inhibits tumor angiogenesis via blocking VEGFR2/MEK/ERK signaling pathways

Norcantharidin ( NCTD ), the demethylated form of C antharidin, a reagent isolated from blister beetles, has been shown to be an anti‐tumor agent capable of inhibiting proliferation as well as inducing apoptosis in many cancer cell lines. However, little is known about the effect of NCTD in tumor angiogenesis. In this study, we demonstrated that NCTD inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF )‐induced cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and capillary tube formation of primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells ( HUVEC s) in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, we showed NCTD inhibited tumor growth and angiogenesis of colon cancer cells ( LOVO ) in vivo . We then mechanistically described that NCTD specifically abrogated the phosphorylation/activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐2 ( VEGFR 2)/ MEK / ERK pathway kinases, with little effect on the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and A kt, and on C ox‐2 expression. In summary, our results indicate that NCTD is a potential inhibitor of tumor angiogenesis by blocking VEGFR 2/ MEK / ERK signaling.