Perovskite Solar Cells: Advancements, Challenges, and Opportunities

The remarkable energy conversion efficiencies (PCEs), economical manufacturing methods, and adjustable opto electronic characteristics of perovskite solar cells make them a ground-breaking photovoltaic technology. PSCs have advanced quickly since their inception in 2009, reaching PCEs of over 25% and competing with conventional silicon-based solar cells. Perovskite materials are appealing for future solar energy applications because to their main benefits, which include low processing temperatures, long carriers’ diffusion lengths, and high absorption coefficients. Additionally, perovskites’ commercialization potential is increased by being compatible with tandem solar cell topologies and flexible substrates. The widespread use of PSCs is hampered by several significant issues, notwithstanding these impressive developments. Their long-term stability in the face of environmental changes is one of the main worries. Due to its extreme sensitivity to heat, moisture, and ultraviolet (UV) light, perovskite materials can degrade phase and lose performance. To increase the inherent stability of perovskite pictures, a variety of encapsulation methods and compositional engineering strategies have been investigated.