Advances in Melt-Electrowriting of Fibrous Bioscaffolds: A High-Resolution Manufacturing Strategy for Tissue Regeneration

Abstract Melt-electrowriting (MEW) is a high-resolution additive manufacturing technique that has demonstrated significant progress in recent years. Owing to its precise control over fiber deposition, MEW is especially suitable for fabricating fine structures that mimic the natural extracellular matrix (ECM), thereby presenting considerable promise for applications in tissue engineering and regeneration. This review systematically examines the fundamental design principles and recent progress in MEW-based strategies for different tissue engineering and regeneration fields. Initially, the components of the MEW system, the underlying printing mechanisms, and the role of key process parameters are introduced, thereby providing a comprehensive framework for the rational design of scaffolds that replicate both the structural and functional characteristics of native ECM. Subsequently, the selection and performance of commonly employed biomaterials are discussed, with an emphasis on the versatility for diverse tissue engineering applications. The integration of MEW with bioactive materials is further highlighted as an effective approach to enhance the biological functionality of printed constructs and extend their therapeutic potential. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives are outlined, aiming to guide ongoing research and facilitate the clinical translation of MEW-based biofabrication technologies. Graphical abstract