Structural glycobiology of human α1-acid glycoprotein and its implications for pharmacokinetics and inflammation

Human α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) is an abundant human plasma glycoprotein that may be N-glycosylated at five positions. AGP plays important roles on pharmacokinetics and can rise up to 5-fold in inflammatory events. In such events, the glycan chains attached to Asn54, Asn75 and Asn85 may become fucosylated, originating a sialyl-Lewis X epitope. This epitope, in turn, can bind selectin proteins. Such interplay is important for immunomodulation. While the X-ray structure of unglycosylated AGP has been reported, the absence of the glycan chains hampered the further insights into its structural biology and, ultimately, into its biological function. Thus, the current work intends to contribute in the characterization of the structural glycobiology and function of AGP by building a structural model of its fully glycosylated form, taking into account the different glycoforms that are found in vivo. The obtained data points to the absence of a major influence of glycosylation on AGP's secondary structure, in agreement with crystallography observations. However, the glycan chains seem able to interfere with the protein dynamics, mainly at the AGP-ligand-binding site, indicating a possible role in its complexation to drugs and other bioactive compounds. By examining the influence of fucosylation on AGP structure and binding to selectins, it is proposed that the latter may bind to glycan chains linked to Asn54 and Asn75, and that this binding may involve other glycans, such as the one attached to Asn15. These results point to an increased participation of carbohydrates on the observed AGP roles in pharmacokinetics and inflammation.