Review on bio-based shape-stable phase change materials for thermal energy storage and utilization

Thermal energy storage using phase change materials (PCMs) plays a significant role in energy efficiency improvement and renewable energy utilization. However, pristine PCMs suffer from liquid leakage, low thermal conductivity, and single function. Bio-based porous materials are low-cost, environmentally friendly, and widely available, which can be used as support materials to prepare shape-stable PCMs effectively. In this article, the sources of bio-based porous materials are divided into plant-based porous materials and animal-based porous materials. To make full use of bio-based porous materials, their processing methods are systematically reviewed, including direct carbonization, hydrothermal carbonization, and activation. In addition, bio-based shape-stable PCMs in various fields, including solar energy storage, building thermal management, industrial waste heat recovery and storage, electromagnetic interference shielding, and other applications, have been summarized. Finally, the challenges and future potential of bio-based shape-stable PCMs are discussed. The utilization of bio-based PCMs may carry thermal energy storage to a new realm and prosperity with more significant economic and environmental benefits.