On the Thermal Conductivity and Local Lattice Dynamical Properties of NASICON Solid Electrolytes

The recent development of solid-state batteries brings them closer to commercialization and raises the need for heat management. The NASICON material class (Na_1+xZr₂P_xSi_3-xO₁₂ with 0 ≤ x ≤ 3) is one of the most promising families of solid electrolytes for sodium solid-state batteries. While extensive research has been conducted to improve the ionic conductivity of this material class, knowledge of thermal conductivity is scarce. At the same time, the material's ability to dissipate heat is expected to play a pivotal role in determining efficiency and safety, both on a battery pack and local component level. Dissipation of heat, which was, for instance, generated during battery operation, is important to keep the battery at its optimal operating temperature and avoid accelerated degradation of battery materials at interfaces. In this study, the thermal conductivity of NaZr₂P₃O₁₂ and Na₄Zr₂Si₃O₁₂ is investigated in a wide temperature range from 2 to 773 K accompanied by in-depth lattice dynamical characterizations to understand underlying mechanisms and the striking difference in their low-temperature thermal conductivity. Consistently low thermal conductivities are observed, which can be explained by the strong suppression of propagating phonon transport through the structural complexity and the intrinsic anharmonicity of NASICONs. The associated low-frequency sodium ion vibrations lead to the emergence of local random-walk heat transport contributions via so-called diffusons. In addition, the importance of lattice dynamics in the discussion of ionic transport as well as the relevance of bonding characteristics typical for mobile ions on thermal transport, is highlighted.